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OSI model
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Firewalls
Did you know that firewalls have been the first line of defense in network security for over 25years????
They establish a barrier between secured and controlled internal networks that can be trusted and untrusted outside networks…
ETSNTECH ensures you the perfect grasp of firewall overview and configurations
CISCO Switches
Hey NTECH lovers here’s an important thing to note about cisco switches ….DTP is a
Cisco proprietary protocol that is automatically enabled on Catalyst 2960 and Catalyst 3650 Series switches. DTP manages trunk negotiation only if the port on the neighbor switch is configured in a trunk mode that supports DTP.
Trunk links and Inter-vlan routing
Hey tech lovers this is today’s tip …
DID YOU KNOW THAT inter-vlan routing on a Layer 3 switches is much faster than router-on-a-stick???
This is because there is no need for external links from the switch to the router for routing Also they are not limited to one link because Layer 2 EtherChannels can be used as trunk links between the switches to increase bandwidth since the multiple links are seen as one link by the switch..
Ethernet frame looping
Hey tech lovers today’s tip is about loops in a switched network ….Did you know that layer 2 Ethernet does not include a mechanism to recognize and eliminate endlessly looping frames?
But in layer 3 Both IPv4 and IPv6 include a mechanism that limits the number of times a Layer 3 networking device can retransmit a packet.
A router will decrement the TTL (Time to Live) in every IPv4 packet, and the Hop Limit field in every IPv6 packet. When these fields are decremented to 0, a router will drop the packet.
Nextweek ‘s tip will tell us how layer 2 solves this looping of frames..
Quiz on OSI Model
Hey network lovers ..It’s weekend let’s test what we know about the TCP/IP stack….
Question….
Which of the following header fields identify which TCP/IP application gets data received by the computer (choose 2 answers)
A.Ethernet type
B.IP protocol
C.Port number
D.UDP port number
STP Introduction
Good morning tech lovers and happy new week….
Today’s tip is on how layer 2 solves frame looping in a switched network..
Redundancy is an important part in hierarchical design for eliminating single points of failure and preventing disruption of network services to users. Redundant networks require the addition of physical paths. Having alternate physical paths for data to traverse the network makes it possible for users to access network resources, despite path disruption. However, redundant paths in a switched Ethernet network may cause Layer 2 loops.
SPANNING TREE PROTOCOL (STP) prevents loops from occurring by configuring a loop-free path through the network using strategically placed “blocking-state” ports. The switches running STP are able to compensate for failures by dynamically unblocking the previously blocked ports and permitting traffic to traverse the alternate paths.
Introduction to OSI Model
Hey tech lovers lets talk about OSI reference model ,a fundamental concept to know for a network engineer. Understand that a reference model is a conceptual blueprint of how communications should take place. It addresses all the processes required for effective communication and divides them into logical groupings called layers. When a communication system is designed in this manner, it’s known as a hierarchical or layered architecture .
It is a seven-layered model divided into three different functions: the upper layers, the middle layers, and the bottom layers. The upper layers communicate with the user interface and application, the middle layers handle reliable communication and routing to a remote network, and the bottom layers communicate to the local network.
With this in mind, you’re now ready to explore each layer’s function in detail with ETSNTECH as this week goes by……
Application Layer
Greetings upcoming engineers today’s insight is about the 7th layer of the OSI model..
The Application layer of the OSI model marks the spot where users actually communicate to the computer. Basically, the Application layer is working as the interface between the actual application program and the next layer down by providing ways for the application to send information down through the protocol stack. The application layer relies on all the layers below it to complete its process. At this stage, the data, or the application, is presented in a visual form the user can understand. For example
■ Web Browsing
■ File transfer
■ Client/server processes
Some protocols that work at this level are DNS, SMTP ,HTTP and more..
Presentation Layer
Happy Thursday tech lovers, today’s insight is on the 6th layer of the OSI model.
The Presentation layer gets its name from its purpose: It presents data to the Application layer and is responsible for data translation and code formatting. Think of it as the OSI model’s translator, providing coding and conversion services. One very effective way of ensuring a successful data transfer is to convert the data into a standard format before transmission. Just remember that by providing translation services, the Presentation layer ensures that data transferred from the Application layer of one system can be read by the Application layer of another one.
With this in mind, it follows that the OSI would include protocols that define how standard data should be formatted, so key functions like data compression, decompression, encryption, and decryption are also associated with this layer.
Session Layer
The Session Layer
This Friday with NTECH we have a brief overview of the 5th layer of the OSI model.
The Session layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining, synchronizing, terminating sessions between end-user applications. Communication between hosts’ various applications at the Session layer, as from a client to a server, is coordinated and organized via three different modes: simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex.
-Simplex is simple one-way communication, kind of like saying something and not getting a reply.
-Half-duplex is actual two-way communication, but it can take place in only one direction at a time, preventing the interruption of the transmitting device. It’s like when agents use a walkie-talkie for communication.
-But full-duplex is like a real conversation where devices can transmit and receive at the same time, much like two people arguing or interrupting each other during a telephone conversation.
Some protocols at this level we have RTCP, PPTP, PAP and more
Quiz on OSI Model
Hey tech lovers its weekend again what have we learned on the OSI model this week?
Why is the application layer important?
A. The application layer provides transport services to the network.
B. The application layer provides the MAC address.
C. The application layer provides the application an interface to the network.
D. The application layer is not needed
Transport Layer
Happy new week tech lovers today’s insight is about the Transport layer of the OSI model..
The transport layer segments and reassembles data into a single data stream. Services located at this layer take all the various data received from upper-layer applications, then combine it into the same, concise data stream. These protocols provide end-toend data transport services and can establish a logical connection between the sending host and destination host on an internetwork.
A pair of well-known protocols called TCP and UDP are integral to this layer, But no worries if you’re not already familiar with them we’ll talk about them detailly in the coming weeks.
For now, understand that although both work at the Transport layer, TCP is known as a reliable service but UDP is not. This distinction gives application developers more options because they have a choice between the two protocols when they are designing products for this layer.
Network Layer
Good morning tech lovers and especially all women in tech on this 8th of march… Today’s insight is on the Network layer, or layer 3. It manages device addressing, tracks the location of devices on the network, and determines the best way to move data. This means that it’s up to the Network layer to transport traffic between devices that aren’t locally attached. Routers, which are layer 3 devices, are specified at this layer and provide the routing services within an internetwork.
Here’s how that works: First, when a packet is received on a router interface, the destination IP address is checked. If the packet isn’t destined for that particular router, it will look up the destination network address in the routing table. Once the router chooses an exit interface, the packet will be sent to that interface to be framed and sent out on the local network. If the router can’t find an entry for the packet’s destination network in the routing table, the router drops the packet.
Data link Layer
The Data Link layer
Good day tech lovers…Happy Wednesday..Today’s tip is on layer 2 of the OSI model.
It provides the physical transmission of data and handles error notification, network topology, and flow control. This means that the Data Link layer will ensure that messages are delivered to the proper device on a LAN using hardware addresses and will translate messages from the Network layer into bits for the Physical layer to transmit.
The Data Link layer formats the messages, each called a data frame, and adds a customized header containing the hardware destination and source address. This added information forms a sort of capsule that surrounds the original message.
Physical layer
The Physical Layer
Good day tech lovers today’s tip is on the bottom layer of the OSI MODEL..
Finally arriving at the bottom, we find that the Physical layer does two things: it sends bits and receives bits.
The Physical layer communicates directly with the various types of actual communication media. Different kinds of media represent these bit values in different ways. Different kinds of media represent these bit values in different ways.The Physical layer specifies the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional requirements for activating, maintaining, and deactivating a physical link between end systems……
OSI Layer Summary
Happy Friday tech lovers this week we had insights on all 7 layers of the OSI model ! You’re now armed with a ton of fundamental information about the OSI model.
We started by discussing the reference model and how it addresses all processes required for effective communication over a network.
We said its a seven-layered model used to help application developers design applications that can run on any type of system or network. Each layer has its special jobs and select responsibilities within the model to ensure that solid, effective communications do, in fact, occur.
In addition, each layer in the OSI model specifies different types of devices, and we mentioned some devices that work at each layer.
What is ethernet?
Happy new week tech lovers…This week NTECH will give you insights on Ethernet Networking and Data Encapsulation.
Ethernet is a contention-based media access method that allows all hosts on a network to share the same link’s bandwidth. Some reasons it’s so popular are that Ethernet is pretty simple to implement and it makes troubleshooting fairly straightforward as well.
Ethernet is also readily scalable, meaning that it eases the process of integrating new technologies into an existing network infrastructure, like upgrading from Fast Ethernet to Gigabit Ethernet. Ethernet uses both Data Link and Physical layer specifications, so you’ll be presented with information relative to both layers, which you’ll need to effectively implement, troubleshoot, and maintain an Ethernet network.
Web developer skills
Good morning tech lovers….Today’s tip is for upcoming web developers….If you are a newbie and want to start a career in web development this is a good place to start from…
Collision domain
Hey tech lovers lets talk about BROADCAST DOMAINS and COLLISON DOMAINS….It is
A rudimentary tip to note about Ethernet networks.
Network segments that share the same bandwidth between devices are known as collision domains.
On the other hand, a collection of interconnected switches forms a single broadcast domain. Only a network layer device, such as a router, can divide a Layer 2 broadcast domain. Let’s explain further..
The Ethernet term collision domain refers to a network scenario wherein one device sends a frame out on a physical network segment forcing every other device on the same segment to pay attention to it. This is bad because if two devices on a single physical segment just happen to transmit simultaneously, it will cause a collision and require these devices to retransmit. Think of a collision event as a situation where each device’s digital signals totally interfere with one another on the wire. #CiscoNetworking
Front -end and back-end development
Good morning tech lovers. NTECH wishes you a great weekend as it starts today with a tip on web development.
FRONT END AND BACKEND DEVELOPMENT.
Front End development uses front end programming languages to create what the user sees in a browser whereas Back End development uses back end programming languages to fulfill those requests on the server side. Combined, it creates a seamless experience for the user.
#webdevelopment
#webdesign
#frontenddevelopment
#informationtechnology
#backenddevelopment
Broadcast collision
Greetings from your favorite Tech company…
Today’s tip is clearly explaining Broadcast domains..
Broadcast domain refers to a group of devices on a specific network segment that hear all the broadcasts sent out on that specific network segment.
But even though a broadcast domain is usually a boundary delimited by physical media like switches and routers, the term can also refer to a logical division of a network segment,
where all hosts can communicate via a Data Link layer, hardware address broadcast.
#CiscoNetworking
#informationtechnology
#informationsecurity
#networking
web developer
Don’t know where to start your career as a web developer?
Here’s an idea on where to begin if you want to be a front-end,back-end or full stack developer…
Mentors at ETSNTECH can take you through each of these stages for you to acquire the skills needed…
#webdevelopment
#informationtechnology
#informationsecurity
#webdesign
Basics of HTML
Good morning tech lovers…HTML is the very first language to learn for front-end developers..HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the most basic building block of the Web. It defines the meaning and structure of web content.
#webdesign
#webdevelopment
#websitedesign
#webdeveloper